Autonomy Under Control: Ethical Challenges of Brain-Machine Interfaces

Autonomy Under Control: Ethical Challenges of Brain-Machine Interfaces

Jorge Mateus, Centre for Ethics, Politics, and Society | University of Minho

Rui Mateus, Centre for English, Translation and Anglo-Portuguese
Studies | NOVA University Lisbon

Abstract

This article explores the intersection of science fiction, philosophy, and ethics in the context of emerging technologies, with a specific focus on Brain–Machine Interfaces (BMIs). It asks how the development and potential normalization of BMIs may transform our understanding of autonomy, agency, identity, and justice, and whether speculative fiction can illuminate the ethical and socio-political implications of these transformations.

Science fiction, with its imaginative exploration of alternative futures, offers a unique platform for anticipating the ethical challenges posed by technological advancement. Speculative narratives invite critical reflection on issues such as autonomy, identity manipulation, justice, and the concentration of power in the hands of corporations and governments.

Through an examination of works such as John Scalzi’s Lock In, Mary Robinette Kowal’s The Spare Man, and S. B. Divya’s Machinehood, this article highlights emerging ethical dilemmas and the far-reaching societal changes that the widespread adoption of BMIs could give rise to. Ultimately, these narratives provide a philosophical lens through which to examine the relationship between technology and human values, offering ethical insights that may help anticipate future challenges.

Keywords: Brain-Machine Interfaces; Science Fiction; Philosophy; Neuroethics

About the Authors:

Jorge Mateus is Lecturer of Anthropological Philosophy at the University of Minho (Portugal). His research focuses on the philosophy of transhumanism, the ethics of human enhancement, and theories of well-being. His current research focuses on neuroethics, addressing the philosophical and ethical challenges posed by emerging and disruptive technologies, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and the Internet of Bodies. He is a researcher in the Centre for Ethics, Politics, and Society.

Rui Mateus holds a PhD in Modern Literatures and Cultures at NOVA University Lisbon (Portugal). His research in literary studies focuses on speculative world-building, spatial studies, and the history and development of fantasy and science fiction as literary genres. He is a researcher in the Centre for English, Translation, and Anglo-Portuguese Studies.

Rui Mateus’s research for this article was financed by national funds through FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the project UID/4097/2025 – CETAPS

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Published: 2026 – 02 – 01